1. What is functional testing?

ANS: Functional testing is a segment of security testing. The security mechanisms of the system are tested, under operational conditions, for correct operation.

Functional testing is the same as black box testing. Black box testing a type of testing that considers only externally visible behavior. Black box testing considers neither the code itself, nor the “inner workings” of the software.

2. Why functional testing is necessary?

ANS: Functional testing verifies that the end user gets what he wants from the application. It involves testing to ensure that the tasks or the steps required completing functionality works well. Functional testing involves testing of functional requirements as per the specification.

3. What are the differences between system and functional testing?

ANS: System testing has classifications like functional and non functional testing. Hence the functional testing is a part of system testing.

System testing allows the testers to test the typical end product. Every single module, interface and every minute detail are needed to be tested in system testing.

Functional testing is aimed at testing the functionalities of the product being tested. These functionalities include volume, stress, load, security, scalability, performance etc. Hardware and software is not concerned with functional testing.

4. How does WinRunner recognize objects on the application?

ANS: Objects to be tested in WinRunner are recognized using GUI map file. The objects description is stored in the GUI map file which is read by WinRunner. This description is then located and matched with same properties of an object in the application.

5. What is Clear box testing?

ANS; Clear box testing is the same as white box testing. It is a testing approach that examines the application’s program structure, and derives test cases from the application’s program logic.

6. Which automated testing tools is used for SAP R3 ABAP?

ANS: There are 2 tool sets available for SAP automation they are
1. SAP GUI interfaces
2. RFC&BAPI interfaces

7. How you will evaluate the tool for test automation?

1. Requirements of the tool that supports all technologies-List of technologies and controls should be created
2. Selection of the tool-the tool that meets the evaluation criteria should be chosen
3. Proof of concept-to try the tool with few scenario

8. What is data – driven automation?

ANS: Data driven automation means driven by different set of data using the data by given in excel or notepad. is called the DDA.

9. How did you use automating testing tools in your job?  

ANS: We use automated testing tools for regression testing. It saves me time of repeating the tests, feeding data/retrieving data manually into/from the application under test. Also, we can ensure that no functionality is missed during testing.

10. What is the most important part of setting up Automation?

ANS:

1) Regression testing that’s time consuming needs automation, so make sure that there is a need for such regression testing.

2) Before you go for setting up automation, make sure that you choose right testing tools in terms of functionality and pricing (should not exceed the value it provides to the business)

QTP-Functional testing (Web testing)
Load testing-Load runner

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1. What is White Box Testing?

ANS: White box testing (WBT) is also called Structural or Glass box testing.

White box testing involves looking at the structure of the code.

White box testing is a method to test the functionality of the code by passing parameters within the code itself.

When you know the internal structure of a product, tests can be conducted to ensure that the internal operations performed according to the specification. And all internal components have been adequately exercised.

2. What are the other names of Whitebox Testing? Why?

ANS : Clear Box Testing
Glass Box Testing
Transparent Box Testing
Translucent Box Testing or Structural Testing

White Box testing uses internal perspective of the system to design test case based on internal structure. It is called clear box testing because it allows the developer to peek inside the box and focus on using internal knowledge of the software to guide the selection of test data. The code is considered as big glass box or clear box by developer who can see inside the box.

3. Why we do White Box Testing?

ANS: To ensure:

That all independent paths within a module have been exercised at least once.
All logical decisions verified on their true and false values.
All loops executed at their boundaries and within their operational bounds internal data structures validity.

4. What is the need of White Box Testing?

ANS: To discover the following types of bugs:

Logical error tend to creep into our work when we design and implement functions, conditions or controls that are out of the program.

The design errors due to difference between logical flow of the program and the actual implementation.

Typographical errors and syntax checking.

5. What is merits and demerits of White box and Black box testing?

ANS: White box and Black box testing both are dynamic testing techniques.

White box testing: testing based on the paths and internal structure and implementation of the software under test. Here we r checking the code by some coverage processes.

Black box testing: testing based on the behavior and functionality of the software. this is also called as functional testing.

6. What is Data flow testing present in whitebox testing?

ANS: Data flow testing is a White-box test design technique. The testing is based on selecting paths through the programs control flow in order to find the sequence of events related to the status of data objects. It uses control graph to find the anomalies.

7. What are the limitations of white box testing?

ANS: White box testing is to analysis the internal structure of program code.

It is not possible for testing each and every path of the loops in program. This means exhaustive testing is impossible for large systems. This does not mean that white box testing is not effective. By selecting important logical paths and data structure for testing is practically possible and effective.

8. What are prerequisites for white box testing?

ANS: In general prerequisites for white box testing are the same as for black box testing. The only difference is the access to the application source code. The white box tester should ask for detailed requirement, functional specifications, high-level design documents, detailed design documents and source code. The white box QA Engineer would analyze the source code and prepare test cases for testing the functionality to ensure that the code is behaving according with the requirements and specifications.

9. How is Whitebox testing used with Integration testing?

ANS: Integration testing looks at how all components of an application interact. White box integration tests specifically look at the interfaces between the components.

10. Who will do white box testing only developers /testers also ?

ANS: White Box testing is done by both developers and tester. In case of projects (eg: Railways, aeronautics) there are standards (eg CENELAC) to be which demands testing to be done by a tester in such cases the white box testing is done by tester and not developer. The tester will have a knowledge of the coding language only then is he called a white box tester The tester does the white box testing using rational tools like Rational Test Real Time (RTRT).

11. What are the analysis a tester should perform before carrying out whitebox testing?

ANS: White box testing provides the testers with complete knowledge of the infrastructure to be tested, often including network diagrams, source code, and IP addressing information.

It can be performed to validate whether code implementation follows intended design, to validate implemented security functionality, and to uncover exploitable vulnerabilities.

12. What is Equivalence partitioning (EP) and boundary value analysis (BVA) in whitebox testing?

ANS: Equivalence partitioning: A test strategy used for black box and white box, in which we categorize inputs into several equivalent sets and pick at least one from each such set. The point here is while categorizing the sets we have to do it in such a way that the entire set behaves in the same way.

Boundary value analysis (BVA): Another strategy used for both BB and WB, in which we fosus on testing the functionality or chunk of code when dealing with boundary values.

13. What are all the tools available for white box testing?

ANS: Source Code Analyzers, Debugger and Fault Injectors.

14. Why does a user perform Whitebox testing, when Black box testing is available?

ANS: When u perform white box testing we are giveing input data and validating the out put results we know that what exactly the code is doing

In black box testing we validate the just output results we don’t what is the code is doing

White Box testing tests the unit of code / program where as Black Box testing has nothing to do with the internal code all it does is based upon expected output it test the system.

15. What is meant by API Testing? Explain the API Testing process?

ANS: API testing is to make sure that the basic units of the software application function perfectly well.

We perform API testing right from the initial stages of the product cycle to the final phase, ensuring that the product release in the market is error-free and worth every penny you invested. API testing process involves testing the methods of NET, JAVA, J2EE APIs for any valid, invalid, and inopportune inputs, plus testing the APIs on Application servers.

16. What is cyclomatic complexity?

ANS: Cyclomatic complexity is the most widely used member of a class of static software metrics. The cyclomatic complexity of a software module is calculated from a connected graph of the module.

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1. What is Database testing?

ANS: Database testing is all about testing joins, views, in ports and exports , testing the procedures, checking locks, indexing etc. Its not about testing the data in the database. Usually database testing is performed by DBA.

2. What are the features of Database testing ?

ANS: Database testing features include the following.

1) Data validity testing.
2) Data Integrity testing
3) Performance related to data base.
4) Testing of Procedure, triggers and functions.

3. How to Test Database Procedures and Triggers?

ANS: Before testing Data Base Procedures and Triggers, Tester should know that what is the Input and out put of the procedures/Triggers. Then execute  Procedures and  Triggers, if you get answer that  Test Case will be  pass  other wise fail. These requirements should get from DEVELOPER.

4. What are the different stages involved in Database Testing?

ANS: verify field level data in the database with respect to frontend transactions
Verify the constraint (primary key, forien key ….)
Verify the performance of the procedures
Verify the triggrs (execution of triggers)
Verify the transactions (begin, commit, rollback)

5. How to test data loading in Data base testing ?

ANS: You have to do the following things while you are involving in Data Load testing.

1. You have know about source data (table(s), columns, data types and Contraints)

2. You have to know about Target data (table(s), columns, data types and Contraints)

3. You have to check the compatibility of Source and Target.

4. You have to open corresponding DTS package in SQL Enterprise Manager and run the DTS package (If you are using SQL Server).

5. Then you should compare the column’s data of Source and Target.

6. You have to check the number to rows of Source and Target.

7. Then you have to update the data in Source and see the change is reflecting in Target or not.

8. You have to check about junk character and NULLs.

6. What we normally check for in the Database Testing?

ANS: Database testing involves some indepth knowledge of the given application and requires more defined plan of approach to test the data. Key issues include:
1) data Integrity
2) data validity
3) data manipulation and updates.

Tester must be aware of the database design concepts and implementation rules

7. What is way of writing testcases for database testing?

ANS: You have to do the following for writing the database testcases.

1. First of all you have to understand the functional requirement of the application throughly.

2. Then you have to find out the back end tables used, joined used between the tables, cursors used (if any), tiggers used(if any), stored procedures used (if any), input parmeter used and output parameters used for developing that requirement.

3. After knowing all these things you have to write the testcase with different input values for checking all the paths of SP.

One thing writing testcases for backend testing not like functinal testing. You have to use white box testing techniques.

8. What is data driven test?

Ans: Data driven test is used to test the multi numbers of data in a data-table, using this we can easy to replace the parameters in the same time from deferent locations.
e.g: using .xsl sheets.

9. While doing database testing, how can we know about the firing of trigger?

ANS: In order to find about the firing of trigger, you need to query the log about an audit in which everyone is able to see the firing of trigger.

10. How do you test whether a database in updated when information is entered in the front end?

ANS: To test whether a database in updated when information is entered in the front end or not, you need to have a look on the application interface. In case, application is showing view functionality for the recorded data, you need to verify the front end only. Second case is the application has only data entry from the front end, and you do not find any view on the back end. You should go to the database to run relevant SQL options.

11. What SQL statements have you used in Database Testing?

ANS: Select statement is used in database testing which includes returning of data rows from many tables to satisfy a given criteria.

12. Which skills are required in testing the data loading?

ANS: You should know about the art of making tables, incorporating columns and rows. You should have enough information about the data source, target data, and the compatibility between the two.

13. What are the requirements for writing test cases for database testing?

ANS: For writing the test case, you should know about all details of document and the requirement of project, check the testing methodology and then write test case document.

14. What is retesting & how it is different from data driven testing?

ANS: Re-execution of a test with different input values is called Re-testing. To validate the project calculations, the test engineer follows retesting method through an automation tool.

Retesting is also called Data Driven Testing.

15. What are the types of data driven tests?

ANS: There are four types of data driven tests.

1) Dynamic Input submission (key driven test)
2) Data Driven Files Through FLAT FILES ( .txt,.doc)
3) Data Driven Tests from FRONTEND GREAVES
4) Data Driven Tests from EXCEL SHEET

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]]> http://www.tipstoremember.com/database-testing-interview-question-with-answers/feed/ 0 http://www.tipstoremember.com/backend-testing-interview-question-and-answers/ http://www.tipstoremember.com/backend-testing-interview-question-and-answers/#comments Thu, 03 May 2012 03:07:28 +0000 tipstoremember.com http://www.tipstoremember.com/?p=2344 Backend Testing Interview question and Answers

1. What is about back end testing?

ANS: Backend testing means Database testing. A back end is the engine of any client/server system. If the back end malfunctions, it may cause system deadlock, data corruption, data loss and bad performance.

The Data entered in the front end will be stored in the back end database. Many bugs in a back end cannot be easily discovered without direct testing.

2. What are the advantages of Back end testing?

ANS: Back end testing has several advantages: The back end is no longer a “black box” to testers. Many bugs can be effectively found and fixed in the early development stage. Take Forecast LRS as an example; the number of bugs in a back end was more than 30% of total number of bugs in the project. When back end bugs are fixed, the system quality is dramatically increased.

3. What does Backend Testing means?

ANS: Backend Testing means ensuring that,
If you enter data in the front end, the data should be stored properly in the back end.
If you call that stored record from front end it should display properly.

4. Why backend testing is so important?

ANS: A back end is the engine of any client/server system. If the back end malfunctions, it may cause system deadlock, data corruption, data loss and bad performance. Many front ends log on to a single SQL server. A bug in a back end may put serious impact on the whole system. Too many bugs in a back end will cost tremendous resources to find and fix bugs and delay the system developments.

It is very likely that many tests in a front end only hit a small portion of a back end. Many bugs in a back end cannot be easily discovered without direct testing.

5. Differences between back end testing and front end testing?

ANS: It is not easier to understand and verify a back end than a front end because a front end usually has friendly and intuitive user interfaces.

A back end has its own objects, such as, tables, stored procedures and triggers. Data integrity and protection is critical. Performance and multi-user support are big issues. Slowness in operation can be vital to the project’s future.

There are no sufficient tools for back end testing. SQL language is mainly a testing tool. MS Access and MS Excel can be used to verify data but they are not perfect for testing. However, there are a large number of test tools available for front end testing.

To be able to do back end testing, a tester must have strong background in SQL server and SQL language. It is relatively difficult to find testers who understand both SQL server and SQL testing. This causes a shortage of back end testers.

6. What are Back end testing phases/database testing phases?

ANS: There are several phases in back end testing.

The first step is to acquire design specifications for an SQL server. The second step is test specification design.

The next step is to implement the tests in this design with SQL code. The test specification design should contain information concerning component testing (individual pieces of the system), regression testing (previously known bugs), integration testing (several pieces of the system put together), and then the entire system (which will include both front and back ends).

7. What is Back end test methodology?

ANS: Back end test methodology has many things in common with front end testing and API testing. Many test methods can be used for back end testing such as:

Structural testing
Functional testing
Boundary testing
Stress testing

8. What is Database Testing?

ANS: Testing an application’s interface with a relational database.

9. What is Data Integrity testing?

ANS: Date integrity is nothing but enforcing the business rules (facts/data) into database table is called data integrity.

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1. What is Agile?

ANS: Agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development. It helps teams respond to the unpredictability of building software through incremental, iterative work cadences, known as sprints. This methodology that inspired it: waterfall, or traditional sequential development.

2. What is Agile Testing?

ANS: Agile testing is a software testing practice which emphasizes testing from the perspective of customers who will utilize the system. Agile testing does not rigidly follow the pre-defined testing procedures, but rather focuses on testing iteratively against newly developed code until quality is achieved from an end customer’s perspective.

Agile testers:

1. Use reusable checklists to suggest tests
2. Focus on the essence of the test rather than the incidental details
3. Use lightweight documentation styles/tools
4. Capturing test ideas in charters for Exploratory Testing

3. Why Agile?

ANS: Agile development methodology attempts to provide many opportunities to assess the direction of a project throughout the development lifecycle. Agile methodology could be described as “iterative” and “incremental.”

4. What are the key characteristics of agile testing methodology?

ANS: When adopting agile methods for testing, we ensure that the tests are done over every simple and small unit of code that is being developed.

With greater control over the progress that is being made in the development and a demons ratable code at hand every time, the agile methods of testing can prove very useful.

5. In what kind of environments do the agile testing methodologies prove very successful and where do they don’t?

ANS: The agile methods of testing can be a very good way of developing a project which has to have a periodic deliverable and which has a very few members in the team with fixed resources.

The Agile methods can help to get the maximum efficiency and stability in the products under development.

6. How can agile methods help in marketing and business aspects of a product?

ANS: The agile methods help in churning out workable code at every stage of development. So marketing of a product can be really effective as the updates to the software/product can come in handy in promotions. The Inspect and adapt approach that agile implements can help the product developers to change/add new functionalities over the previously developed layers. This adaptive approach again can help in keeping the product up-to-date in the market.

7. What is Agile software development?

ANS: Adaptable software creation, also known as agile software development. Agile development is a style of software development that emphasizes customer satisfaction through continuous delivery of functional software. Based on a variety of iterative development disciplines including extreme programming (XP), agile methods put developers to work in small teams to tight budgets and short timescales.

8. What are Agile Methods?

ANS:–> Agile Modeling
–> Scrum
–> Agile Unified Process (AUP)
–> Agile Data Method
–> Essential Unified Process (EssUP)
–> Extreme programming (XP)
–> Feature Driven Development (FDD)
–> Getting Real
–> Open Unified Process (OpenUP)
–> Lean software development

9. What are the different approaches to testing on agile development projects?

ANS: 1. You want to test as early as you possibly can because the potential impact of a defect rises exponentially over time In fact, many agile developers prefer a test-first approach.

2. You want to test as often as possible, and more importantly, as effectively as possible, to increase the chance that you will find defects. Although this increases your costs in the short term, studies have shown that greater investment in testing reduces the total cost of ownership of a system due to improved quality.

3. You want to do just enough testing for your situation: Commercial banking software requires a greater investment in testing than membership administration software.

4. Pair testing, just like pair programming and modeling with others, is an exceptionally good idea.

10. In what case does the agile testing methodology differs from the other testing (development) methodologies?

ANS: Anytime applying agile testing methodology, the testers (developers) ensures that the whole process of testing (development) is broke into as small steps as possible and just a small unit of code is tested (developed) in each of this steps.

The team of testers (developers) is communicating consistently the results of their work, and change the short term strategy and even the development plan on the go, based on the results of agile testing. Agile methodology encourages flexible and rapid response to change which should lead to a better end result.

11. What are agile practices?

ANS: –> Test Driven Development (TDD)
–> Behavior Driven Development (BDD)
–> Continuous Integration
–> Pair Programming
–> Planning poker

12. What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?

ANS: A specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across different system platforms and environments.

13. What is the biggest challenge when implementing Agile methods?

ANS: The most common specific challenges we see are simply the challenges of “turning the battleship” in a large organization to overcome the inertia of entrenched work practices and expectations and getting reoriented to do things in a different way. You have to muster the resolve to actually work in short iterations. You have to build frequently, at least every day, and you have to develop the discipline to keep the build healthy. You have to push each iteration to a releasable level of quality even if that’s hard to do at first. As before, this problem isn’t unique to Agile.

14. In what environments will Agile be most successful?

ANS: Full-blown Agile seems to me to be best suited for environments in which the budget is fixed on an annual basis, team sizes are fixed on an annual basis (because of the budget), and the project staff’s mission is to deliver the most valuable business functionality that they can deliver in a year’s time with a fixed team size. This mostly describes in-house, business systems dev organizations.

Full-blown agile (especially the flexible requirements part) is less-well suited to companies that sell software, because maintaining a lot of requirements flexibility runs counter to the goal of providing mid-term and long-term predictability.

15. What is the future of Agile?

ANS: Agile has largely become a synonym for “modern software practices that work. The future of Agile with a capital “A” is the same as the past of Object Oriented or Structured.

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1. What is the difference between TDMA and FDMA?

A. TDMA is Time Division Multiple Access. In TDMA technology each user in the channel owns the channel bandwidth for some time in a round robin fashion. All GSM handsets use this technology. FDMA is Frequency Division Multiple Access. In FDMA many users are allowed to transmit through the same channel at the same time. So each user at any particular time uses part of the bandwidth. CDMA handsets use this technology.

2. What is the difference between mobile testing, mobile application testing?

A. Mobile Testing means the complete testing of mobile – system level + Application level.

Mobile Application testing deals with only the features and multimedia part.

3. What is the advantage of symbian OS devices comparing with j2me and Brew OS devices?

A. – Symbian is the latest OS where as j2me and Brew OSs are old ones.
- Symbian OS has SIS file format where as j2me has JAR file format which means this is a third party software and anybody can develop softwares in this OS.
- Symbian is a fast browsing and a fast operating system. j2me is not as fast.
- Symbian OS provide touchscreen phones such as UIQ phones. No such facility on j2me.
- Symbain OS has superior hardware access to the phone compared to j2me and Brew OS
- Symbian OS offers rich UI.

4. What is streaming?

A. Streaming is the process of downloading a content from the server.

5. How can smoke testing be applied to mobile testing?

A. Smoke testing can be done on a Mobile once the latest build has been released to the testing team. Smoke test or build verification is nothing but just the basic functionality check for all the applications, test scope parameters that are involved in mobile application testing, testing very basic and important features of the mobile and also testing the showstopper issues at a higher priority level.

6. Is there any automation tool for mobile application testing ?

A. TestQuest is one of the best tools to automate mobile applications
Fitnesse tool can also be used to automate mobile applications.

7. What are value added Services in Mobile Application Testing?

A. Value added services refer tpo extra services like toll free number, getting messages for new offers in recharging sim card, getting messages for downloading new ringtones, caller tunes etc.

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QA software tester plans & conducts various test processes to new developed software in order to verify that the software programs functions according to the initial requirements.

1. What is SQA Activities?

A. SQA activities – suggesting & reviewing the process documents.

2. What are the key elements for creating test plan?

A. The key elements for a test plan are:
1. Entrance Criteria:The requirement documents based on which the paln is developed.The BRD,FRD
2. Test environment
3. Test data

3. What’s server side testing?

A. It’s testing the applications and daemons that run on a server.
Server Side testing can involve testing of Servlets and Controllers.

4. What is Automated Software Quality (ASQ)?

A. The use of software tools, such as automated testing tools, to improve software quality.

5. What makes a good QA/Test Manager?

A. QA/Test Managers are familiar with the software development process; able to maintain enthusiasm of their team and promote a positive atmosphere; able to promote teamwork to increase productivity; able to promote cooperation between Software and Test/QA Engineers.

6. Benefits of Software Quality Assurance to the organization ?

A. Higher reliability will result in greater customer satisfaction: as software development is essentially a business transaction between a customer and developer, customers will naturally tend to patronize the services of the developer again if they are satisfied with the product.

7. Difference between Verification and Validation?

A. Validation is a process of evaluating software at the end of the software development process to ensure compliance with software requirements. The techniques for validation are testing, inspection and reviewing.

Verification is a process of determining whether or not the products of a given phase of the software development cycle meets the implementation steps and can be traced to the incoming objectives established during the previous phase. The techniques for verification are testing, inspection and reviewing.

8. What is the meaning of traceability matrix?

A. Tractability matrix is used to cross check the test scripts per the requirement of the test cases.

9. Describe a Gaga R&R?

A. R & R stands for reproducibility and repeatability. It is a system measurement error that determines the percentage of error, the type of error and its affection on the system.

10. Describe a bug life cycle.?

A. Bug life cycle consists of several statuses of the bug during its life cycle such as: open, deferred, rejected, solved, fixed, reopen, closed. You can talk about the process flow and how you monitor and determine each bug status.

11. What’s the role in CMM Level in Testing?

A. CMM = ‘Capability Maturity Model’, now called the CMMI (‘Capability Maturity Model Integration’)It’s a model of 5 levels of process ‘maturity’ that determine effectiveness in delivering quality software.

12. How can software QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?

A. When you implement software QA processes without stifling productivity, you want to implement them slowly over time. You want to use consensus to reach agreement on processes, and adjust, and experiment, as an organization grows and matures.

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1. What is a Web service?

A. A Web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the Internet and uses a standardized XML messaging system. XML is used to encode all communications to a Web service.

2. What are the typical problems in web testing?

1: server problems (ie server down or under maintance)

2: Hardware problem

3: Database problem

3. How do you start Testing an Web Application?

A. First Do The GUI testing after finishing that we can go for Functionality Testing

4. What is new about Web services?

A. XML.XML lies at the core of Web services, and provides a common language for describing Remote Procedure Calls, Web services, and Web service directories. Prior to XML, one could share data among different applications, but XML makes this so much easier to do

5. What is Usability testing in web testing?

A. Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users.

6. What are test case formats widely use in web based testing?

A. Regarding test cases, there is no difference between web based or client server based.  Excel sheets are the best option for test cases (if you are not using any tool). However if you want to use any screen shot, you can use MS-WORD, where you can create a template (in the form of table). The table fields can be taken from excel format and in addition, you can use screenshot in one of the table cells.

7. How to Calculate Session Time Out in Web Testing?

A. Do testing as follows:-

Login into the application and put the application in the idle state for the time equal to the session time out time and verify that the application will remain or not after the time out period.

If the session time out set, the application will shown a message as the page got expired after that time out period if it kept idle for that duration.

8. What are the important test scenarios for testing a web site?

A. As a Tester you should test GUI of the website, test whether the page layout and design elements are consistent through out the site, whether all the links provided in the website are working properly, what are the expected loads on the server? Performance of the website (check for webserver response time and database query time) under heavy loads.

9. What is penetration testing?

A. Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage. This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.

10. What is penetration test?

A.  Penetration test will test the network for thousands of known vulnerabilities and provide a detailed report of any vulnerabilities that are found. The tests are conducted remotely over the Internet and do not require physical assess to your premises nor do they require access to any privileged information such as usernames or passwords.

11. What is Website Testing Tool?

A. Loadrunner and Jmeter.

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1. What is database testing? and what we test in database testing ?

ANS: Database testing involves some in depth knowledge of the given application and requires more defined plan of approach to test the data. Key issues include:

1) Data Integrity

2) Data Validity

3) Data Manipulation and updates

Tester must be aware of the database design concepts and implementation rules.

2. What are the different stages involved in Database Testing ?

ANS: verify the data in the database w.r.t frontend transactions

Verify the constraint (primary key,forien key ….)

Verify the performance of the procedures

Verify the triggers (execution of triggers)

Verify the transactions (begin,commit,rollback)

3. How to Test database in Manually? Explain with an example.

ANS: Observing the opertaions, which are operated on front-end is effected on back-end or not.<br>The approach is as follows :<br>While adding a record thr’ front-end check back-end that addition of record is effected or not. So same for delete, update … Ex:Enter employee record in database thr’ front-end and check if the record is added or not to the back-end(manually). <br>

4. What we normally check for in the Database Testing?

ANS: In DataBase testing we need to check for,

1. The field size validation
2. Check constraints.
3. Indexes are done or not (for performance related issues)
4. Stored procedures
5. The field size defined in the application is matching with that in the db.

5. What are the Commands used by Database Tester?

ANS: The most common command is SELECT, selecting the record based on various conditions using JOIN statements. Also DECODE an CASE statements are used.

Insert and update commands are also used followed by commit command.

6. What is way of writing test cases for database testing?

ANS: To write test case for database its just like functional testing.
1. Objective: Write the objective that you would like to test. eg: To check the shipment that i load thru xml is getting inserted for particular customer.

2. Write the method of input or action that you do. eg:Load an xml with all data which can be added to a customer.

3. Expected: Input should be view in database. eg: The shipment should be loaded successfully for that customer, also it should be seen in application.
4. You can write such type of test cases for any functionality like update, delete etc.

7. How to test data loading in Data base testing?

ANS: You have to do the following things while you are involving in Data Load testing.

1. You have know about source data (table(s), columns, datatypes and Contraints)

2. You have to know about Target data (table(s), columns, datatypes and Contraints)

3. You have to check the compatibility of Source and Target.

4. You have to Open corresponding DTS package in SQL Enterprise Manager and run the DTS package (If you are using SQL Server).

5. Then you should compare the column’s data of Source and Target.

6. You have to check the number to rows of Source and Target.

7. Then you have to update the data in Source and see the change is reflecting in Target or not.

8. You have to check about junk character and NULLs.

8. How the data base testing is been performed in industry?

ANS: The following things need to do in database testing

* Check the Field Name
* Check the Field length
* Index
* Keys (unique, primary and foreign as per your requirement)
* Check and make sure that all data are placed in back end as you insert
* make sure the required calculation is done
* check the SP and Trigger
*calculate the query execution time

9. How to check a trigger is fired or not,while doing Database testing?

ANS: It can be verified by querying the common audit log where we can able to see the triggers fired.

10. What is way of writing testcases for database testing?

ANS: For writing test cases in Database first one should define the project name, then module, Bug number, objective, steps/action undertaken, expected result, actual result, then status, priority and severity.

11. What is data driven test?

ANS: Re-execution of our test with different input values is called Re-testing. In validate our Project calculations, test engineer follows retesting manner through automation tool. Re-iterating is also called Data Driven Test.

12. How many types of Driven tests are there?

ANS: There are 4 types of datadriven tests.

1) Dynamic Input submission.

2) Data Driven Files through FLAT FILES

3) Data Driven Tests from FRONTEND GREAVES

4) Data Driven Tests from EXCEL SHEET

13. What SQL statements have you used in Database Testing?

ANS: DDL( Data Definition Language) and DML(Data Manipulation Language) .DDL for creating tables and database. DML for the manipulations like insert, alter, and delete operations.

14. How to Test Database Procedures and Triggers?

ANS: Before testing Data Base Procedures and Triggers, Tester should know that what is the Input and out put of the procedures/Triggers, Then execute Procedures and Triggers, if you get answer that Test Case will be pass other wise fail.

These requirements should get from DEVELOPER.

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LoadRunner is an automated performance and testing product from Hewlett-Packard for examining system behaviour and performance, while generating actual load. HP acquired LoadRunner as part of its acquisition of Mercury Interactive in November 2006. HP LoadRunner can simulate hundreds or thousands of concurrent users to put the application through the rigors of real-life user loads, while collecting information from key infrastructure components like Web servers, database servers etc.

The results can then be analyzed in detail, to explore the reasons for particular behavior. HP LoadRunner is sold as part of the HP IT Management Software category by the HP Software Division.

Consider the client side application for an automated teller machine (ATM). Although each client is connected to a server, hundreds of ATMs may be open to the public. During peak times such as 10 a.m. Monday, the start of the work week the load may be much higher than normal. In order to test such situations, it is not practical to have a testbed of hundreds of ATMs.

So, one can use an ATM simulator and a computer system with HP LoadRunner to simulate a large number of users accessing the server simultaneously. Once activities are defined, they are repeatable. After debugging a problem in the application, managers can check whether the problem persists by reproducing the same situation, with the same type of user interaction.

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1. What is load testing?

A. Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.

2. Explain the Load testing process?

A. Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives.

Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions.

Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us.

Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers.

Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors.

Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads.

3. When do you do load and performance Testing?

A. We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system.

4. What are the components of LoadRunner?

A. The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.

5. Describe how to identify the memory leakage using loadrunner?

A. In Load runner, every application has a processor running in the system. The processor needs to be identified. Using the performance tab we can check the memory consumption of the processor. Continuous tracking needs to be done while load testing. However, if the memory keeps increasing even on stopping the test, a memory may have occurred. Also, if the memory is not released on stopping the test, a memory may have occurred.

6. What are the Vuser components in LoadRunner?

A. Application Components used are client, database or additionally business application server.

Web Server works on and through LAN, WAN, or www connection.

Application Server components are client, business server and database server without use of www.but through Protocols like FTP.

7. How do you debug a LoadRunner script?

A. VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.

8. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode?

A. The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a v user script is executed by a number of v users in a group.

9. How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria?

A. Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile.

Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram.

Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.

10. What is the difference between Load Test and Volume Test?

A. Volume Testing is mainly for the functionality check, whether the system is behaving as same or not in the Expected Safety Load.

Load testing is mainly to check the System stability. Load testing will be carried out above the expected Load. Normally 1.5 times of the acceptable load.

11. What criteria would you use to select Web transactions for load testing?

A. We can select web transactions from task distribution diagram and transaction profile.

From transaction profile we can come to know what are all the major transactions taking place in a particular day, at what time of the day there will be a peak load etc.

From task distribution diagram we can come to know for which transaction there will be more database activity and risk.

Once the transaction is selected from transaction profile and task distribution diagram, we will perform load testing for that particular transaction.

12. What is the difference between Scalability testing and load testing?

A. Scalability can be considered as a part of performance testing which checks if the system is scalable or not. To find if the functionality and the performance of a system will scale up to meet specified requirements.

Load testing is to check if the system can take load or not. To check the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program’s services concurrently.

13. How you analyze graphics in loadrunner? how do you work bug log?

A. Basically there may be few pages in the Application consists of More than 5 widgets or more than 10 widgets here we look out for an response time of the page based on the requirement specs we try to analyse the time takes to display.

14. What is throughput?

A. If the throughput scales upward as time progresses and the number of Vusers increase, this indicates that the bandwidth is sufficient. If the graph were to remain relatively flat as the number of Vusers increased, it would be reasonable to conclude that the bandwidth is constraining the volume of data delivered.

15. What is the advantage of running the V user as thread?

A. VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per generator. If the V user is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each V user, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single generator. If the V user is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.

16. Explain how to use Regular Expression in Load Runner for web functions?

A. A function can be written in Load runner script to check if a pattern matches against a given subject or not. The pattern and subject can be passed as parameters to the function. Regexec () can be used to compare the subject with the pattern. This script can be then executed to see the results.

E.g Pattern is: – b(c(.*))e
Subject: abcdef
Result: 1 (match found)

17. How do you perform functional testing under load?

A. Functionality under load can be tested by running several V users concurrently. By increasing the amount of V users, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.

18. What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode?

A. The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a v user script is executed by a number of v users in a group.

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1. What is Performance testing?

A. Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.

2. Can we do performance testing manually?

A. Yes, we can do Performance testing manually. you should open many active sessions of the application and should test it out. It also depends on what type of performance test you want to do.

3. What is performance baseline testing?

A. In Performance baseline testing a “benchmark” or “standard is defined and base lined. For e.g. A particular server is known to perform well until the users don’t exceed the figure 100. Here, the standard can be 100 users. In performance baseline testing the performance of a new server can be compared to the standard server.

4. What all things can be found out be performance testing?

A. Performance testing can be applied to understand the web site’s scalability, or to benchmark the performance in the environment of third party products such as servers and middleware for potential purchase.

5. What types of bottlenecks are likely in performance testing?

A. Bottlenecks in performance testing slow down testing and can affect the performance and the scalability of an application.

6. What is the Throughput in performance testing during web based testing?

A. Throughput in performance testing is the no of transactions that can be handled simultaneously. It can be tested using automation tools.

7. What are the kind of tests we can do with Performance Test Case Designer?

A. Normal/load and stress testing of JSP, Servlet /API methods can be done with Performance Test Case Designer.

8. Is it possible to do performance testing in an unattended mode?

A. NO, this is like inviting problem ourself. Because we dont know when the server behave different and the whole process would result in fail.

9. Can EJB performance be measured with this Performance Test Case Designer?

A. The EJB code will be tested, not exactly of the performance system, normally system performance depends on many factors might effective EJB code will increase the performance of the sytem.

10. Does the tool handle Cookies in play?

A. Yes.

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1. Why testing?

ANS: Testing is the verification process, making sure that the developed application is inline with the customer requirements or not.

2. What are two primary goals of testing?

ANS: 1. Finding an undiscovered errors with minimum amount of time and effort.

2. Testing ensure that software appears to be working as specified in the customers requirements.

3. What is difference between Performance Testing, Load Testing and Stress Testing?

ANS: Performance testing is the testing, which is performed, to ascertain how the components of a system are performing, given a particular situation.

Load testing is meant to test the system by constantly and steadily increasing the load on the system till the time it reaches the threshold limit. It is the simplest form of testing which employs the use of automation tools such as LoadRunner or any other good tools, which are available. Load testing is also famous by the names like volume testing and endurance testing.

Stress testing, various activities to overload the existing resources with excess jobs are carried out in an attempt to break the system down. The purpose of stress testing is to ascertain the failure of system and to monitor how the system recovers back gracefully.

4. What is embedded testing ?

ANS: Embedded testing is done on embedded system or chips, in embedded testing. We will test the application in coding standards. so we use load runner to measure the load of the system.

5. What do you mean Inscope and Outscope?

ANS: We can define scope by defining deliverable, functionality and data and also by defining technical structure.
In-scope are things the project generates internally e.g. Project Charter, Business Requirement Specification etc.

Out-scope are things the project delivers to the users e.g. screens and reports. Users typically think of a system in these terms. It also includes any hardware or software required by the users or the project team.

6. What is Test Methodology?

ANS: Test Methodology is nothing but the refinement of the Test Strategy. ie. We filter the number of columns in TRM prepared in Test Strategy. This is done based on the project type and the type of the application we are testing.

7. What are different methods of Test methodology?

ANS: The following are the test methodologies followed in Testing an Application or a product

Black – Box Testing
In using this strategy, the tester views the program as a black – box, tester doesn’t see the code of the program: Equivalence partitioning, Boundary – value analysis, Error guessing.

White – Box Testing
In using this strategy, the tester examine the internal structure of the program: Statement coverage, Decision coverage, condition coverage, Decision/Condition coverage, Multiple – condition coverage.

Gray – Box Testing
In using this strategy Black box testing can be combine with knowledge of database validation, such as SQL for database query and adding/loading data sets to confirm functions, as well as query the database to confirm expected result.

Test Script
Type of test file. It is a set of instructions run automatically by a software or hardware test tool.

Suite
A collection of test cases or scripts.

8. What is Baseline testing?

ANS: Baseline testing are testing standards to be used at the starting point of comparison within the organization. It is a test which is taken before any activity or treatment have occurred. Requirement specification validation is a baseline testing.

9. Explain what is software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)?

ANS: Software Testing Life cylce is as follows:

1. Test Plan Prepation (Prepare Test Plan based on Project Summary Document and SRS document)

2. Test Specifications Prepration (Test cases preparation based on Requirement document, use cases, mockup-links (in web based testing) etc)
3. Test Execution
To Perform Manual or Automation based on client requirement and software stability

a. Manaul Testing
b. Automation Testing

4. Defect Reporting and Tracking

10. What is the difference between bug and defect?

ANS: Bug: The problem getting at the time of testing.
Defect: when we get problem on customer’s hand is a defect.

11. How Automation is useful in Testing?

ANS: Automation is really very useful in testing. By automation tools we can run thousands of test cases in very less time which is impossible in case of manual testing.

Advantages in automation:
We can get 100% error free product.
2. Fast process.
3. Less effort.

12. What is Acceptance Testing?

ANS: Testing conducted to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product. Normally performed to validate the software meets a set of agreed acceptance criteria.

13. What is alpha testing and beta testing?

ANS: Alpha testing:- It is a type of user acceptance testing done in the software company by the test engineers.

Beta testing:- It is a type of user acceptance testing done in the cliens place either by the third party testers or by the end users before actual implementation.

14. What is Test Script?

ANS: A test script in software testing is a set of instructions that will be performed on the system under test to test that the system functions as expected.

15. What is Test Plan?

ANS: Test plan is a detailed project plan for testing covering the scope of testing, the methodologies to be used. The tasks to be performed, resources, schedules, risks and dependencies etc.

16. What is Storage Testing?

ANS: Testing that verifies the program under test stores data files in the correct directories and that it reserves sufficient space to prevent unexpected termination resulting from lack of space. This is external storage as opposed to internal storage.

17. What is unit testing in manual?

ANS: Unit testing is to take the smallest piece of testable software in the application, isolate it from the remainder of the code, and determine whether it behaves exactly as you expect. Each unit is tested separately before integrating them into modules to test the interfaces between modules. Unit testing has proven its value in that a large percentage of defects are identified during its use.

18. What is BUG Life cycle?

ANS : Bug life cycle is same as SDLC because it can occur at any stage of SDLC and till the software is live the bug can occur anytime.
Bug life cycle has the following stages:

1) New
2) Open
3) Fixed
4) Closed

19. What is test metrics?

ANS: Test metrics is nothing but collection of test data like:

1) Effort estimation (estimated effort and actual effort),
2) Budget (estimated budget and actual budget spent for testing),
3) Defect density,
4) No. of defects logged by team and by individual members,
5) Cost of quality
All together is called as test metrics and it is useful during every phase of s/w development in order to know the progress of the project and also in improving the process.

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When a human is not used for testing a particular module, then it means that we are using a tool for testing and when we use any tool for testing a module then it is known as automated testing. Testing tools facilitate a software tester in different conditions where testing becomes critical. According to the circumstances, we choose software testing tools. There are many tools which are used for software testing like QTP and win runner.

Testing tools can be used for different testing activities to automate them. For example, we can use testing tools for Load / Stress tests. Advantage of testing tool is that they save precious time, and also remove the chance for a bug to remain unobserved while testing, but your test cases must also be very powerful because testing tools automate test cases and if your test cases are weak, then testing tools cannot provide better performance.

Testing is a process used to help identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of computer software.

There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following rote procedure. One definition of testing is “the process of questioning a product in order to evaluate it”, where the “questions” are things the tester tries to do with the product, and the product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of the tester. Although most of the intellectual processes of testing are nearly identical to that of review or inspection, the word testing is connoted to mean the dynamic analysis of the product putting the product through its paces.

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1) What makes a good test engineer?

A) A good test engineer has a ‘test to break’ attitude, an ability to take the point of view of the customer, a strong desire for quality, and an attention to detail. Tact and diplomacy are useful in maintaining a cooperative relationship with developers, and an ability to communicate with both technical and non-technical people is useful. Judgment skills are needed to assess high-risk areas of an application on which to focus testing efforts when time is limited.

2) What makes a good Software QA engineer?

A) The same qualities a good tester has are useful for a QA engineer. Additionally, they must be able to understand the entire software development process and how it can fit into the business approach and goals of the organization. Communication skills and the ability to understand various sides of issues are important. In organizations in the early stages of implementing QA processes, patience and diplomacy are especially needed. An ability to find problems as well as to see ‘what’s missing’ is important for inspections and reviews.

3) What’s the role of documentation in QA?

A) Critical. QA practices should be documented such that they are repeatable. Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals, etc. should all be documented. There should ideally be a system for easily finding and obtaining documents and determining what documentation will have a particular piece of information. Change management for documentation should be used if possible.

4) What is ‘configuration management’?

A) Configuration management covers the processes used to control, coordinate, and track: code, requirements, documentation, problems, change requests, designs, tools/compilers/libraries/patches, changes made to them, and who makes the changes.

5) What does black-box testing mean at the unit, integration, and system levels?

A) Tests for each software requirement using Equivalence Class Partitioning, Boundary Value Testing, and more Test cases for system software requirements using the Trace Matrix, Cross-functional Testing, Decision Tables, and more Test cases for system integration for configurations, manual operations, etc.

6) What if the project isn’t big enough to justify extensive testing?

A) Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the same considerations as described previously in ‘What if there isn’t enough time for thorough testing?’ apply. The tester might then do ad hoc testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.

7) How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?

A) Well engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from code to internal design to functional design to requirements. While there will be little affect on black box testing where an understanding of the internal design of the application is unnecessary, white-box testing can be oriented to the application’s objects. If the application was well-designed this can simplify test design.

8) What is ‘Software Quality Assurance’?

A) Software QA involves the entire software development PROCESS – monitoring and improving the process, making sure that any agreed upon standards and procedures are followed, and ensuring that problems are found and dealt with. It is oriented to ‘prevention’.

9) What is ‘Software Testing’?

A) Testing involves operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results. The controlled conditions should include both normal and abnormal conditions. Testing should intentionally attempt to make things go wrong to determine if things happen when they shouldn’t or things don’t happen when they should. It is oriented to ‘detection’.

Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they’re the combined responsibility of one group or individual. Also common are project teams that include a mix of testers and developers who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers. It will depend on what best fits an organization’s size and business structure.

10) What is verification? validation?

A) Verification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. This can be done with checklists, issues lists, walkthroughs, and inspection meetings. Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are completed. The term ‘IV & V’ refers to Independent Verification and Validation.

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